model railroad

f model railway (Am. railroad)

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model railway; model railroad

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f model railway, train set fam

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Modelleisenbahn f model railway (US railroad)

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model railway n.

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Gen.pl. -ek

1. ( pociąg) train; ( system transportu) rail; jechać kolejką take the train; kolejka dojazdowa l. podmiejska commuter train; kolejka górska ( w wesołym miasteczku) roller coaster, big dipper; kolejka linowa cable railway; ( wagonik) cable car; ( naziemna) funicular (railway); ( podwieszana) suspension railway; kolejka wąskotorowa narrow-gauge railroad; kolejka zębata rack l. cog railroad.

2. ( zabawka) model railroad; Br. model railway.

3. ( oczekujących) line; Br. queue ( po coś for sth); stać w kolejce stand in line; Br. queue (up); bez kolejki l. poza kolejką without waiting (for one's turn), without any waiting; wpychać się bez kolejki jump the line.

4. pot. (= drink) round (of drinks); stawiać komuś kolejkę buy l. stand sb a round (of drinks).

f <tech.allg> (z.B. Fabrik, Werk, Kläranlage) ■ plant

f <tech.allg> (größere Einrichtung; z.B. Montagehalle, Werk) ■ facility

f <tech.allg> (Installation; z.B. Druckluftnetz, Heizung) ■ installation

f <tech.allg> (für einen bestimmten Zweck aufgestellte Einrichtung, Apparatur) ■ rig

f <tech.allg> (komplexe, meist größere funktionale Einheit; z.B. Klima, Wasserenthärt) ■ system

f <tech.allg> (allg.; z.B. Kraftwerk) ■ plant

f < agri> (Scharpflug) ■ landside

f ugs < bahn> (z.B. H0) ■ model railroad layout; model railroad pract ; layout coll

f < doku> (zu einem Brief) ■ attachment; enclosure

f < druck> (Papierführung; z.B. an Drucker, Kopierer) ■ feed guide; infeed

f <wz.masch> (Anschlag für Werkstück) ■ abutting piece

f form.rar < bahn> (z.B. H0) ■ model railroad layout; model railroad pract ; layout coll

f prakt < bahn> (z.B. H0) ■ model railroad layout; model railroad pract ; layout coll

f < bahn> (z.B. H0) ■ model railroad layout; model railroad pract ; layout coll

1. model railroad Am.

2. model railway [esp. Br.]

1. model railroad Am.

2. model railway

n < bahn> ■ model railroad project

f EISENB. railway, Am. railroad; (Zug) train; Spielzeug: model railway (Am. railroad), train set; mit der Eisenbahn by rail, by train; Bahn 5; es ist ( aller-) höchste Eisenbahn umg., fig. it’s high time we got going etc.

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railroad; railway; train

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1) (a track with (usually more than one set of) two (or sometimes three) parallel steel rails on which trains run: They're building a new railway; ( also adjective) a railway station.) railway

2) ((sometimes in plural) the whole organization which is concerned with the running of trains, the building of tracks etc: He has a job on the railway; The railways are very badly run in some countries.) railway

3) ((American) a railway.) railroad

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1. (Zug) train

2. (Spielzeug) train set

▶ es ist [aller]höchste \Eisenbahn (fam) it is high time, there is no more time to waste

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1) railway; railroad (Amer.)

2) (Bahnstrecke) railway line; railroad track (Amer.)

3) (Spielbahn) train or railway set

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Eisenbahn f BAHN railway, US railroad; (Zug) train; Spielzeug: model railway (US railroad), train set;

mit der Eisenbahn by rail, by train; → Bahn 5;

es ist (aller-)höchste Eisenbahn umg, fig it’s high time we got going etc

Eisenbahn… im subst → auch Bahn…, Zug

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1) railway; railroad (Amer.)

2) (Bahnstrecke) railway line; railroad track (Amer.)

3) (Spielbahn) train or railway set

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railroad (US) n.

railway (UK) n.

train n.

1 elevated, upland, high, towering.

2 lofty, elevated, rarified, rarefied.

3 dignified.

4 high.

5 elevated, high, steep.

past participle of spanish verb: elevar.

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► participio pasado

1→ link=elevar elevar

► adjetivo

1 (gen) high

2 figurado lofty, noble

\

elevado,-a a MATEMÁTICAS raised to

■ elevado a la quinta potencia raised to the power of five

■ elevado al cubo cubed

■ elevado al cuadrado squared

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1) high

2) elevated

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1. ADJ

1) [en nivel] [precio, temperatura, cantidad] high; [velocidad] high, great; [ritmo] great

2) [en altura] [edificio] tall; [montaña, terreno] high

3) (=sublime) [estilo] elevated, lofty; [pensamientos] noble, lofty

4) [puesto, rango] high, important

SM Cuba (Ferro) overhead railway; (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

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- da adjetivo

1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high

2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial

3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high

4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated

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= sharply rising, steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.], heightened, raised, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], elevated, soaring, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].

Ex. The end of the eighteenth century saw a sharply rising demand for cheap print, associated with increases in population and in literacy which occurred all over Europe.

Ex. The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.

Ex. The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.

Ex. The cords themselves could be placed either outside the backs of the folded sheets, where they would show as raised bands across the spine of the book, or in slots sawn into the folds to give the book a flat back.

Ex. Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.

Ex. Public investment in rebuilding the church and the gifts of individual donors were important indications of its elevated social standing.

Ex. Detailed images of soaring aisles, delicate carvings, and stained-glass windows from the 12th and 13th centuries are captured on this new Web site.

Ex. Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.

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* aljibe elevado = water tower.

* camino elevado = causeway.

* carretera elevada = causeway.

* cisterna elevada = water tower.

* depósito de agua elevado = water tower.

* excepcionalmente elevado = exceptionally high.

* ferrocarril elevado = elevated railroad.

* lo bastante elevado = high enough.

* Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.

* paso elevado = overpass.

* paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.

* paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.

* posición elevada = high ground.

* ser elevado = be steep.

* temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.

* terreno elevado = high ground.

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- da adjetivo

1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high

2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial

3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high

4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated

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A ‹terreno/montaña› high; ‹edificio› tall, high

B ‹cantidad› large; ‹precio/impuestos› high

un número elevado de casos a large number of cases

las pérdidas han sido elevadas there have been heavy o substantial losses

un elevado índice de abstención a high rate of abstention

C ‹categoría/calidad› high

tiene un puesto muy elevado he has a very high o important position

D ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated; ‹estilo› lofty, elevated

la conversación adquirió un tono elevado the tone of the conversation became rather highbrow o elevated

fly

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el participio

◊ -da adjetivo

a) ‹ cantidad› large;

b) ‹categoría/calidad/posición› high

c) ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated;

a) ( levantar) ‹ objeto› to raise, lift

b) ‹espíritu/mente› to uplift

c) ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higher

a) ( aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increase;

b) ‹voz/tono› to raise

◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%

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elevado, -a adj

1. [alto] [monte, terreno, precio, inflación] high;

un elevado edificio a tall building;

era de elevada estatura he was tall in stature;

una persona de elevada estatura a person tall in stature;

un elevado número de accidentes a large o high number of accidents;

consiguieron elevados beneficios they made a large profit;

ocupa un elevado cargo en la empresa she has a high-ranking position in the company

2. [noble] lofty, noble;

elevados ideales lofty o noble ideals

3. [estilo, tono, lenguaje] elevated, sophisticated;

emplea un vocabulario muy elevado she uses very sophisticated vocabulary

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adj high; fig

elevated

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elevado, -da adj

1) : elevated, lofty

2) : high

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elevado adj high

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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f 1. < Geschäft> Wechsel production, presentation, submission; 2. < Pol> bill, item of business, motion ■ bei Vorlage 1. < Finanz> at sight (a/s), on presentation; 2. < Rechnung> on demand (O/D) ; 3. < Recht> on presentation ■ gegen Vorlage 1. < Finanz> at sight (a/s), on presentation; 2. < Rechnung> on demand (O/D) ; 3. < Recht> on presentation ■ gegen Vorlage der Dokumente < Geschäft> against documents

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